Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Prostitution As A High Risk Group For Sexual Services

According to Serughetti (2013), â€Å"In the last decades of the twentieth century, a major change has occurred in the public understanding of prostitution, with the focus shifting from the sex worker to the client.† On the social scientific side, studies on clients have growingly shed light on motivations and behaviors of men who buy sex. Prostitution involves the exchange of sexual services for economic compensation. Women Prostitution involved in prostitution constitute a high-risk group for contracting and transmitting STDs, including HIV. Defending sex work or prostitution is not very easy. Prostitution and sex work have more than one meaning in the U.S. For example, â€Å"some state penal codes define it as the act of hiring out one’s body for sexual intercourse, whereas other states define it as sexual intercourse in exchange for money or as any sexual behaviors that is sold for profit† (Carroll,2013). Our book defines sex work as the exchange of money for sexual services. So, that include a wild range of sexual behavior risks. Sex works can be female, male, or transgender. Sex corkers are hidden most of the time because sex work is illegal in the U.S except for certain counties in Nevada, so it’s very difficult to measure them. According to Carroll (2013), â€Å"Some sociologists suggest that sex work developed out of the patriarchal nature of most society. In a society in which men are valued over women and men hold the reins of economics and political power, some women exploitShow MoreRelatedProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1107 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution Prostitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called the prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willingly or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agreeRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Engaging And Sexual Activities With Someone For Payment Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is the practice of engaging in sexual activities with someone for payment. Although female workers are more prevalent in this profession there are male that make up a small portion of those who perform this trade. Male sex works are often underrepresented in studies. Male prostitutes are categorized in four groups each of which different motivations for sex work ha ve. Male prostitution is following the trend of female prostitution and increasingly moving online. Much like their femaleRead MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1352 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willing or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agree and want to legalizeRead MoreProstitution Article On Prostitution Laws1640 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution Laws in Canada Karlene Wright November 19, 2014 Prostitution Laws in Canada Introduction Prostitution is considered by many to be the oldest profession. Throughout civilization many society have had to address the issue of prostitution. Canada is a nation renown for promoting the advancement of women in all parts of the world. However, it is a nation guilty of punishing women for the circumstances in which they find themselves. The prostitution laws in Canada showsRead MoreProstitution : A Matter Of Numbers1107 Words   |  5 PagesLegalising prostitution: a matter of numbers Prostitution is commonly referred to as the oldest profession of the world, and this is far from true if we consider the definition of prostitution. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, â€Å"Prostitution is the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables† (prostitution in Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, 2015). There is little evidence of humans selling sex for payment inRead MoreIs Cuba The Oldest Profession?991 Words   |  4 Pagesof the high levels of prostitution found in the Island. Most people will agree with the fact that prostitution is found in every country and in every culture around the world. Prostitution is considered to be the oldest profession. In Cuba prostitutes are called Jineteras referring to the females and Jineteros referring to the male. â€Å"The word â€Å"jinetera† is derived from the Spanish noun â€Å"jinete† (â€Å"horse rider†) and re fers to a group of uncommonly well-dressed women who offer sexual services in exchangeRead MoreIs Male Prostitution A Symptom Of World War II?1325 Words   |  6 PagesIs male prostitution a symptom of World War II? Conceptions of sexuality during the 1940s and 1950s attracted attention to male prostitution. Research indicated that male prostitution was linked to the development of sexual identity. Thus, researchers helped to animate male prostitution as socially problematic. This unique problematization of male prostitution led people to believe that male prostitutes were homosexuals, a ghettoized sexual identity which contradicted normative standards of masculinityRead MoreThe Harmful Effects of Juvenile Prostitution Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile prostitution is a great problem and not many people are aware of it. In some cases juvenile prostitution start as a voluntary act but in other cases there are grills ho are being kidnap just with the purpose of selling them fo r sex. I personally pick to inform you about juvenile prostitution because I am interested in making a difference in our teenager’s world I want them to walk freely on the street. I am tired of seeing how people take advantage of inoffensive and inexperience teenagersRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution, the practice of exchanging sexual acts for payment, is referred to as â€Å"most ancient profession in the world (Kipling, R. 1898) this practice is evident in every corner of the world, and dates back to before the invention of time. Despite its universality, the way that prostitution is perceived and dealt with differs drastically from culture to culture. While it is legal in some countries, it is considered punishable by death in others. In the United States those that perform and purchaseRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 Pagescategory, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also re ferred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is both mental and physical as well as a isolation. The Victims of the Trafficking and Violence Protection

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Personal Narrative My Best Friend - 1033 Words

The moonlight shone through the crooked blinds of his dorm room. It reflected on the side of his face as he slept somewhat peacefully next to me. I laid next to him cuddling into his side shaking from the cold. We d been outside for over an hour, in barely any clothes. My face edged with tear streaks and bags under my eyes. I had mascara smudged across my right cheek and my makeup was running. At one point, I turned over and glanced up at him. I studied his face and thought to myself. This was my best friend. We used to hang out after school at my house and watch movies until late. How had things changed so suddenly? I thought of all the good moments we d had. I remembered every crease in his face, every segment of his skin, and the way†¦show more content†¦He wasn’t just a part of me, he was the greatest influence to my life. He was someone special that I would cherish for the rest of my life. He showed me what true love is and for that I d never let him go. I walked around campus completely blank and spaced out. There was a void in my heart that only he could fix. We d gone the whole day ignoring each other completely. I had decided to go to the lounge to relax with some friends and he was in there. He didn’t look at me but got up and took his belongings and left. It hurt to see him walk away but I knew he wouldn’t want to be around me after I told him I never wanted to speak to him again. Truth is, since we ve met each other we hadn t gone more than a day without speaking. Our friends were encouraging him to come back out to the lounge and hang with us. Someone I don’t like or associate myself with is out there so I rather not come, was the message he d sent her. I d seen the message on her laptop and boiled over with rage. How dare he try to act like I did something to him! Our whole relationship was a struggle for who was wrong and right in all of our arguments. Somehow, he managed to turn the argument we had the night before into my doing and I wasn t having it. I had gotten up and run into my friend s dorm room. He was in there laying on one of the beds with his head in the pillow. I threw open the door. The door smacked against the wallShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1210 Words   |  5 PagesSunday, my friends and I were eating a meal of thick stew and crusty bread and drinking a pitcher of hot, spiced, and very watered-down wine. We’d chosen my room because it was the biggest and therefore had the most space for practicing weaponry, our afternoon plan. My friends ate and made small talk. We saw each other most days so sometimes it seemed like we ran out of real things to talk about. I was somewhat lost in my thoughts, about us and about our futures. Koilin was my best friend. He wasRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1052 Words   |  5 PagesI Threw my books on the bed and approached the jacket slowly, as if it were Andrew Garfield who would become my best friend. I couldn t look away, I wanted to scream. The jacket would be my new best friend. The leather black and silver studs, the belts, and best of all being popular. This jacket is no ordinary jacket, this is my jacket. I heard steps coming up stairs, my mom stopped by and asked if I like it. I yelled yes with excitement and joy. She left, I stared at the jacket like whenRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1080 Words   |  5 Pageswent downstairs to get my older brother so we could finish the vlog, but Caleb laid on the couch unresponsive. As I called his name while walking down the stairs, I realized something was wrong. â€Å"Caleb† I yelled tears pouring out of my eyes as I found him, not breathing. He was dead. My best friend, my brother, the only person who made me really happy, was gone forever. I couldn t imagine what I was going to do without him. I loved him more than anyone in my life he was my hero. It s octoberRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend757 Words   |  4 PagesI’m Wendy. And no, I look nothing like the perfect happy smiling girl that you all associate with the restaurant. I am 5’6’’ and 13 years old. I have wavy, short, caramel hair and brown eyes, with a light spattering of freckles. My favorite colors are blue and gray, but yellow is such a pretty sunny color... it just doesn t look good on me. I go to North-West Independence Middle School. In case you were wondering, that is in middle of nowhere Nebraska. It is like a scene from an old movie, no colorRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend940 Words   |  4 Pages Looking back, I remind myself that friends are temporary, but memories are forever. This was going to be our last night together, Cesli and I. Cesli Crum was my best friend that I met in third grade. That year came and went, and though in fourth grade Cesli was held back, we still vowed to always be best friends. Then, that winter of two thousand fourteen, her family decided to move away. I felt devastated, so my mom agreed to have Cesli over one evening right before she left. Thus that is whatRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1369 Words   |  6 Pagesreason my palms were sweaty and I had butterflies doing loopty-loops in my stomach. I was on my way to visit Julia, one of my best friends at the time. The whole way there, in bumper to bumper traffic, I reflected on all of my memories with her, including playing on a fallen, rotten tree and pretending that it was milk chocolate shop. As little girls, we would dress up in glittery, razzled costumes and sing our hearts out, which continued well into our teen years when she drove me to school my freshmanRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1034 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen my best friend since I was deported to this horrid tent city. My spouse and daughter died in the floods of Grimsdon. Every thought of them, cripples me with grief instantly, my heart and soul ached for my precious daughter and partner bring me to tears. Thankfully, I met . Ella, who, whilst she could never replace my biological Family, I feel she is now like a much-loved sister to me. She is the only light when there is so much darkness, surrounding us. Suddenly, out of the corner of my eyeRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1327 Words   |  6 Pagesabout it.   She was my absolute best friend and I could not imagine living 1,300 miles away.    Growing up, we were resentful of each other.   We used words and actions to get our point across.   Not only did we slap each other, but also kicked and punched.   I cried even if it didn’t hurt, that was me being a baby.   My dad would scoop me in his arms and at the same time, discipline my sister.   It was satisfying if you had asked my 8 year old self.    Later on, Madison turned into my soul mate, as I beganRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1192 Words   |  5 PagesWe have been best friends since elementary school and gone through a lot together, but we backed each other when it meant the most. While I waited for my flight at Regan International, I called Elizabeth and invited her to my place for a late dinner. I missed her and looked forward to spend time with her. *** As 8 o’clock grew near, my excitement to spend a girl s-night-in with Liz increased. So much has developed since we last chat. Therefore, when I heard the knock on my front door, IRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Best Friend1004 Words   |  5 Pageswhere you think your life is ruined for good? My best friend Peggy and I experienced that feeling one boring night last summer when we were home alone. Last year I was know for â€Å"trouble†, I liked to fight and be the center of attention. I always had to make a scene about everything. Even though I was constantly in trouble with my parents, I never did anything that would put me in jail for a long time if I were to get caught by the police. My best friend was the same way. We both had negative attitudes

Monday, December 9, 2019

Physical Activity Opportunities for Collaboration

Question: Discuss about the Physical Activity Opportunities for Collaboration. Answer: Inroduction: The review of previous studies suggests that for children, it is required that they need to do regular physical activity which is beneficial for the social, physical and mental health of children and adolescents. Besides this, nowadays, children and adolescents prefer passive transport in place of active transport which is in the form of walking and cycling. This resulted in declining in the physical activity in children and adolescents (Carson, et al. 2010). Nowadays, children do not indulge in any physical activity as they do not prefer to reach school by cycling or walking which results in reduced and variable physical activity among children. Nowadays, there is a large distance exists between school and home which has also resulted in the change in the preference of using active transport to passive transport. The children who uses cycling or walking to the school has gained more physical activity if they live farther from the school. It is also reviewed from the past studies that distance from school also affects the sedentary behavior in children. The main aim of the research is top predict the physical activity related to active transport in children and adolescents by the use of distance between home and school by the way of regression model. Besides this, the other purpose of the article is to evaluate the nature of the relationship between commuting distance and active transport. Research Methods For the purpose of carrying out the research, a sample of 8 primary, 3 secondary and 2 intermediate schools were selected from Auckland. In addition to this, for commuting purpose a public bus service is provided in Auckland where the schools are located (Sallis, et al. 2004). Along with this, intermediate and secondary schools provide school buses to commute for children. Besides this, 2000 children were selected from the schools aged 1 to 11 years by the use of stratified random sampling technique. The consent of children has been taken in written for the purpose of participating in the research study carried out related to the research topic. In addition to this, the host institutions have provided ethical approval by the ethics committee. For the purpose of measurement of the physical activity, pedometers are used. In this research study, YAMAX CW 700 is used which uses same internal mechanisms as YAMAX SW 200. YAMAX SW 200 is considered as the reliable and accurate pedometer available for measuring the physical activity carried out by children and adolescents (Corti Donovan, 2002). Pedometers are checked before its use for the purpose of finding defects by the use of 100 step walking test which is repeated 5 times. An error in the pedometers did not exceed 2%. The researcher has asked the participants to wear pedometer for 7 consecutive days except while sleeping and swimming. The physical activity is measured for only 5 days out of 7 days as pedometers were not available to the participants on the first day and the last day. In addition to this, review of the previous research studies provides that the data of 4-5 days is sufficient to obtain a reliable measure of the physical activity. Besides this, researcher has excluded data of a day in which pedometer is removed for longer than 1 hour. In addition to this, the participants were considered outliners if the daily step count is lower than 1000 or greater than 30000 and removed from subsequent analysis. In addition to this, if the data of 1 weekend and weekday is lost then the participants were excluded from the study. In addition to this, the method used to collect the data and information is observation and survey through questionnaire method (Duncan, Duncan Scholfield, 2008). These methods facilitates in gathering large amount of information pertaining to the research work in less time. In this research study, information related to home addresses and usual transport mode used by the children to and from school is gathered by the use of survey through questionnaire method. The questionnaires were filled by the parents for the children aged 1 to 11 years. The participants whio have used multiple transport mode were assigned to a single mode based on the priority criteria. The information related to the distance between the school and home is gathered by the use of Network Analyst Extension in ArcGIS 10.1 and the database of Land Information New Zealand. In addition to this, for the analysis of the information gathered by the use of observation and survey through questionnaire method, researcher has used different methods to get valid and reliable results such as descriptive statistics, chi- square tests, Mann Whitney U tests (Cooper, et al. 2003). The researcher has also stratified the distance between home and school into 9 discrete groups. In this research study, the author has used exploratory research design which facilitates in gaining insights into different aspects of the research topic. This is a quantitative research as it facilitates in providing information in numerical terms to the users of the information to make appropriate decisions. The researcher has adopted has adopted suitable research design for the purpose of gaining valid and reliable results (Rissel, et al. 2012). The exploratory design is appropriate to analyze the aim and objectives of the research study. It facilitates in exploring the information related to the research topic. There is a use of primary data collection methods which helps in provision of the information related to the current scenario of the problem which in turn facilitates in taking appropriate decisions related to the research problem. The exploratory research design does not facil itate in providing conclusions to the research topic. It facilitates in carrying out the descriptive research which provides the outcomes of the research topic in a conclusive manner (Badland Schofield, 2005). The researcher has used appropriate data collection methods as it facilitates in gathering the specific information needed to carry out the research in a proper manner. In addition to this, stratified sampling technique facilitates in reducing sample selection bias and helps in minimizing the over and under representation of some of the segments of the population. In the stratified random sampling technique, a sample population is divided into different segments and then the sample is selected on the random basis. This helps in selection of the appropriate sample required for the study. Out of the selected sample, valid and reliable information is collected from 595 participants which include children ranging from 5 years to 16 years. The main reason behind obtaining of the information from these children is that there is no interference of parents in providing accurate information to the researcher. The results of the study indicate that the boys have relatively more number of steps during weekdays and weekends in comparison to girls (Grow, et al.2008). It also indicates that there are no other significant difference between girls and boys. Besides this, the results also indicates that the children who uses active transport such as cycling and walking has more number of steps during weekdays in comparison to weekend days. This is because on weekdays they go to school by the use of active transportation modes. Besides this, it is also found that the children who uses active transport has accumulated more number of steps in comparison to those who uses passive transport to go to school. The results of the study also indicates that there is an increased use of the passive transport by children as there is an increased distance between their homes and schools (Pate, et al. 2006). In addition to this, it is also observed that there is an increase in the use of active transport by the children of secondary school in comparison to children of primary school. Children that have their schools 1 to 2 km from their home uses active transport for commuting to and from schools. Other factors such as age and sex has no significant impact on the distances between school and home. It is found that as the distance increases the use of active transport decreases. Besides this, the daily physical activity increases in those children who uses active transport. There is a high probability of the use of active transport in a case when there is an existence of short distances between the school and home. The researcher has used appropriate methods for the purpose of analyzing the results of the research study (Carver, et al. 2011). The researcher states that there is a prevalence of mental health problems in many children globally. There is about 22% of children in preschool and school aged children who suffer from mental health problems. In addition to this, only some children seek professional help for the cure of the mental health problems. The main aim of the research study is to investigate parents help seeking processes for young children that have mental health problems. Besides this, it also focuses on the evaluation of the factors that hinder the access of the appropriate treatment for children that suffers from mental health problems (Zwaanswijk, et al.2003). The researcher has done appropriate search and review of the previous studies in order to carry out the research in an appropriate manner. In addition to this, different populations rely on different factors such as attitudes and beliefs related to help seeking for the purpose of informing the decision to access support. The previous studies suggest that parents find obstacles to access professional help for their child due to presence of negative beliefs and attitudes. Parents also seek professional help in three stages which include recognition of the problem, requirement of professional help for the problem and overcoming the physical and attitudinal barriers to help seeking ((Hunt Eisenberg, 2010). This research study has focus on the Australian based sample of young children for the purpose of analyzing the behavior of parents to seek professional help for their children There is a selection of 442 children that are aged 6 years from the total of 733 infants from Australia by the use of longitudinal study methods. The selection is made from the infants in maternal and child health associations. Besides this, it also provide invitation to primary care givers to collect the information related to the research topic. Besides this, the researcher has obtained a consent from the parents for the purpose of collection of the information by the way of survey through questionnaire method. The use of survey through questionnaire method helps in collection of the information from wide population in a quick manner. It is less time consuming process. Child Behavior Checklist is an instrument used for the purpose of measuring the problems related to mental health in the children. The score on this instrument is above the standard or borderline then it is regarded the child is suffering from the problems related to mental health (Cauce, et al.2002). When asked by parents regarding consulting any professional help till the age of five, and the type of services availed. The responses are classified into four categories namely mental health services, general health services, informed help and no help sought. In addition to this, the recognition of the difficult child behavior by parents is measured by the use of Australian Temperament Projects global rating scale. The rating of more difficult than average signifies that there is a presence of mental health problems at the stage of infants. The mental health problems were described in terms of behavior problems to parents such as aggression, anxiety, compliance, and emotional distress. The researcher has also provided information related to the professionals to whom parents can seek help for their children those has mental problems included pediatricians, psychiatrists and child psychologists (Rickwood, et al.2005). In addition to this, pilot study is conducted for the purpose of finding the factors that affect or hinders parents to seek professional help for their children who suffered from mental health problems. In addition to this, the results of the pilot study is conducted is analyzed by the use of content analysis. In the pilot study, through a questionnaire, 15 parents with their young children has asked to provide information regarding different factors due to which they do not seek professional help for their children. From the pilot study responses five major barriers are included in the questionnaire. It is found that parents seek professional help for the mental health problem in their children if they observe any behavioral problem in their children. The researcher has used Likert 7 point scale for the purpose of collection of the information related to the factors that affects the intention of the parents to seek professional help ranging from very unlikely to very likely (Galdas, Cheater Marshall, 2005). In addition to this, responses are also collected on the five point scale that range from ambivalent to low intenders. In addition to this, there are also other factors that affect the intention of the parents to consider professional help which is regarded as family socio-demographic factors which include language spoken at home, family income, family living arrangements, marriage status, family income and so on. Besides this, the researcher has also assigned a SEIFA index of relative disadvantage score to each family by the way of home address postal code. By the use of statistical tools, a comparison is made between parents that have positive help seeking intentions with the parents that have low help seeking intentions if their child has a mental health problem (Zimmerman, 2005). In this research study, the researcher has used appropriate data collection methods such as observation and survey through questionnaire method (Eiraldi, et al.2006). Both these methods are regarded as primary data collection methods and results in the collection of the information at first hand from the respondents. Besides this, the collected data by the use of primary sources is being used for a specific purpose. It facilitates in gaining information related to the current scenario of the research problem. There is also a need for the recommendations provided for the purpose of reducing the occurrence of the mental health problems in children at early stages. Besides this, there is also a need of providing information for the direction to the future researchers on the research topic. Exploratory research design is being used by the researcher in this research study as it helps in exploring the different aspects of the research topic. Besides this, deductive research approach is be ing used in which the information is collected in general and appropriate deductions have been made in order to arrive at the specific information related to the research study. This research study is limited to Australia (Komiya, Good Sherrod, 2000). In addition to this, comparison is also made between the parents who have recognized that their child has more difficulties than their peers and the parents that recognized their child does not have any mental problem. Along with this, the comparison is also made among the parents that seek professional help and parents that do not seek professional help when their child has mental health problems. In order to compare, regression analysis have been conducted for the purpose of finding the relationship between the professional help and barriers that affect the intentions of the parents. It is found out that from the whole sample 86 6 year old children have mental health problems as per the CBCL Total problem scale. From these only one third parents have seek professional help for their children mental health problems. In addition to this, only few parents have seek professional help for their children that do not have mental problem due to behavior problems (Rickwood, Deane Wilson, 2 007). Only 14 children out of total sample that have mental problem seek the professional help for their children. The filters have been assigned include parents help seeking intentions. It is also found out that the children that are recognized as have a mental problem, parents have a positive intention towards seeking professional help at the age of 6 years. Only few of the respondents have considered as low help seekers for their child who have mental problems. The second filter is the recognition of the parents that they have a child with difficult behavior than average. It is estimated that only few of the parents have recognized that their child has a mental problem and there is a need to seek help from professionals (Gulliver, Griffiths Christensen, 2010). Less than one third of the parents have accessed professional help when their child is in need due to presence of mental health problems. Along with this, there is also an application of logistic regression model that provides information regarding the fact that the most significant predictor of children in need of the professional help is the recognition of their parents that there is a need to take professional help to provide cure to mental health problems faced by children. It is found that very few children have received professional help to cure their mental health problems. Only few parents accessed professional help from different professionals for their children that face mental health problems. References Badland, H. Schofield, G. (2005). Transport, urban design, and physical activity: an evidence based update. Transportation Research Part D 10 177-196. Carson, V., et al. (2010). Parents perception of neighborhood environment as a determinant of screen time, physical activity and active transport. Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique 101(2),124-127. Carver, A. et al. (2011). How is active transport associated with childrens and adolescents physical activity over time? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (126). Cauce, A.M., et al. (2002). Cultural and Contextual influences in mental health help seeking: A focus on ethnic minority youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70(1), 44-55. Cooper, A.R. et al. (2003). Commuting to school: Are children who walk more physically active? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 25/94), 273-276. Corti, B.G. Donovan, R.J.(2002). Socioeconomic status differences in recreational physical activity levels and real and perceived access to a supportive physical environment. Preventive Medicine 35, 601-611. Duncan, E.K., Duncan, S. Scholfield, G. (2008). Pedometer-determined physical activity and active transport in girls. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 5(2), 1-9. Duncan, S. et al. (2016). Active transport, physical activity and distance between home and school in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, pp.447-453. Eiraldi, R.B., et al. (2006). Service utilization among ethnic minority children with ADHD: A model of help seeking behavior. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res 33, 607-622. Galdas, P.M., Cheater, F. Marshall, P. 2005. Men and health help seeking behavior: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 49(6), 616-623. Grow, H.M. et al.(2008). Where are youth active?roles of proximity, active transport, and built environment. Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 2071-2079. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M. Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 10 (113). Hunt, J. Eisenberg, D. (2010). Mental health problems and help seeking behavior among college students. Journal of Adolescent Health 46 (1), 3-10. Komiya, N., Good, G.E. Sherrod, N.B. (2000). Emotional openness as a predictor of college students attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology 47 (1), 138-143. Oh, E. Bayer, J. K. (2015). Parents help seeking processes for early childhood mental health problems. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 20(3), pp.149-154. Pate, R.R. et al. (2006). Promoting Physical Activity in Children and Youth: A leadership role for schools. AHA Scientific Statement,1214-1224. Rickwood, D. et al. (2005). Young peoples help seeking for mental health problems . Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 4 (3), 3-34. Rickwood, D.J. , Deane, F.P. Wilson, C.J. (2007). When and how do young people seek professional help for mental health problems? The Medical Journal of Australia 187 (7), S35-S39. Rissel, C. et al. (2012). Physical Activity Associated with Public transport use-A review and Modeling of potential benefits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9(7). Sallis, J.F., et al. (2004). Active transport and physical activity: opportunities for collaboration on transportation and public health research. Transportation Research Part A 38, 249-268. Zimmerman, F.I. (2005). Social and economic determinants of disparities in professional help seeking for child mental health problems: evidence from a national sample. Health Services Research 40 (5), 1514-1533. Zwaanswijk, M. et al. (2003). Help seeking for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. European Child Adolescent Psychiatry 12, 153-161.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception Essay Example

The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception Paper Theories of perception tend to explain how the visual system operates in terms of two kinds of processes: bottom up, data driven ones, that are pre-attentive, and are a consequence of how the nervous system is structured and top down or concept driven processes which rely on experience, inference and expectations. Apart from the retina, the rest of the visual system has two way connections ( for example the interplay between the lateral geniculate nuclei and the visual cortex), and thus top down processing is an obvious implication of the manner in which the human anatomy is organised. Gestalt psychologists have described how we organise sensation to perceive separate objects: and have developed a number of rules for figure ground organisation. The basic laws of Gestalt are: proximity, similarity, closure, and good continuation. But physiological evidence for the internal existence of their laws (which they termed isomorphism and believed to be based on electrical fields in the brain) has not been found. Lashley et al (1951; cited in Eysenck, M. 1998) were unable to affect vision by disrupting the electrical fields in the cortex of monkeys. However, the grouping theories that they have described occur in perception even at short durations of less than 100 m/s, this suggests that they must be a bottom up process. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The role of bottom up and top down processes in visual perception specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Template theories suggest that copies of the objects are stored in the long term memory, which are matched against to produce pattern recognition. This theory is completely concept driven, and thus only those objects stored in memory can be seen and novel objects cannot be perceived at all. Since one object needs various templates to represent all the different shapes and sizes that result from viewing a 3D object, it requires an almost infinite numbers of templates to be stored, and accessed. Feature theorists solve the problem by breaking an image into basic features, which are compared with similar patterns in the memory. So called feature detectors, identified by Hubel and Weisel(1959, 1968) as single cortical cells, identify specific(simple) features in their receptive field such as curves, angles, or straight edges. Other complex cells respond to angles, or movement and process the information on a different level, each level adding another layer of sophistication to the visual stimulus. Typified by Selfridges pandemonium model, feature net models explain perception entirely in terms of data driven processes. They do not account for the complexity of a human environment, or explain the importance of context. Both approaches are unified in a bi-directional model of pattern recognition, such as that offered by Mcclelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton (1986; cited in Gleitman 1999). This system offers answers where there is ambiguity, and bi-directional inhibition of alternative detectors explains why priming effects result in faster reaction times. This model begins with a knowledge-driven hypothesis, which makes the visual system more sensitive to data from feature detectors. The important difference is that each level is capable of influencing any other level, in both directions, and thus the term parallel processing has be used. Thus when presented with the ambiguous dalmation figure figure, data driven processing alone is not able to organise the stimulus into a recognisable pattern, but after being told what to look for, the task is easily solved. A major achievement of our visual system is the creation of a three dimensional reality, from a flat retinal image. Depth cues describe how this is achieved. There is evidence to suggest that depth cues in simpler animals such as salamanders is innate (see Spery, 1943; cited in Coren et al, 1994). Visual cliff experiments show that depth cues are used by a wide range of very young animals (Walk and Gibson, 1961; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Binocular depth perception has been found in humans as young as four months( Granrud, 1986; cited in Coren et al 1994). However, depth perception is improved, as with dark reared kittens, through learning during sensitive periods in an animals development (see Tees, 1974; cited in Coren et al, 1994). Monocular or pictorial depth cues such as occlusion and familiar size offer information about relative distances in the world around us. Since these cues are learned they must be examples of top down processes. As evidence of this Turnbull (1961; cited in Chandler.) found that forest dwelling pygmies, unused to environments requiring long range depth perception, applied size constancy only over short distances. They interpreted a far off herd of buffalo as insects. Other learned cues are texture gradients, height in the plane, linear and aerial perspective Binocular depth cues are now believed to be physiological. These include accommodation, convergence, retinal size and stereopsis. Julesz (1959) illustrated that the visual system is able to reconstruct three dimensional perception from random dot stereograms , in the absence of any other depth cues. This occurs when the visual system is able to match and fuse the disparate images in each retina. In other words, stereopsis produces form and not the other way around. In support of this Bishop and Pettigrew (1986; cited in Coren et al, 1994) located disparity tuned detectors in the in the visual cortex of cats. Marr and Poggio (1976) solved the matching problem of how the visual system is able to match which element in each eyes view belong together, and how alternative fusional possibilities are eliminated. Evidence of neurons that respond to crossed (near) and uncrossed (far) disparities have been found in monkeys (Poggio and Fischer, 1997; cited in coren et al, 1994). Their computational theory illustrates the level of complexity that an automatic and bottom up process is capable of, and led the way for developments in object recognition. Their model of object recognition allows for a 3 dimensional representation that is independent of the observers viewpoint. Earlier models such as template matching theories were confounded by the enormous variation that any one object has in three dimensions. It is important to note that various depth cues may be used at once, and the effectiveness of a particular cue will be determined by its reliability in the past. Ittleson (1951; cited in Coren et al, 1994) presented participants with different sized playing cards in a dark room. Since all other depth cues were lacking the largest cards were perceived as being closer, thus illustrating how retinal size was interpreted in terms of past experience (familiar size). Our ability to combine depth cues then is learned. Biedermans Geon theory of object recognition (1987, 1990) is a development of computational theories. It reduces the information about the components of a visual object to 36 basic shapes or Geons, which are matched in the long term memory. The success of the theory relies on the understanding of non-accidental properties, those aspects of a perception that do not change as we look at an object from a different angles (for example symmetry, parallel lines, curvature). Biedermans theory explains object recognition as consisting of various processes. Thus patients with visual agnosia are able to recognise each separate aspect of an object: a brush made of handle and bristles, but are incapable of organising the features into a recognisable whole. However, the theory relies on bottom up processes and does not explain the importance of context in object recognition. This was illustrated by Bruner et al (1951; cited in Eysenck, M. 1998) who found that hypotheses or expectations (top down processes) might influence perception of colour. Thus playing cards of irregular colours, such as black hearts, were reported as brown or purple. The implication is that bottom up processing is used in optimal viewing conditions, and supplemented by top down processes, in less than optimal viewing conditions. Gregory (1970, 1980) a constructivist, used the Muller-Lyer illusion to illustrate how context might be applied to perception, in this case in terms of misapplied size constancy. He suggests that the line that appears as longer reminds us of the inside corner of a room, thus we interpret it as further away than the other figure. Since the retinal images are the same size, the visual system mistakenly infers that the line on the right must be bigger. Experiments reported in 1966 by Segall, Campbell and Herskovitz (cited in Chandler) suggested that the Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ller-Lyer illusion may be absent or reduced amongst people who grow up in right-angle free environments. This would indeed be evidence for knowledge driven influence on perception. However, Gross (1992; cited in Eysenck,M. 1998) found the same illusory effect when the arrows were replaced with other shapes, that could not represent the 3D corners. Helmholtz, and later Gregory (1978) and Rock (1983) exemplify the Intelligent Perception approach. In their view, visual perception of space goes beyond the image itself to include previous experience and habitual cognitive processing strategies. The main problem with the constructivist approach is that many of the top down effects described are produced in a lab, under brief exposure in conditions removed from everyday life. As Tulving et al (1964; cited in Gleitman, 1999) found, top down processing is important under ambiguous circumstances, such as brief exposure of a stimulus, where bottom up processes are reduced in effectiveness. But we would expect that perception would be inaccurate much more of the time, if expectation plays such an important role. This just isnt the case in everyday life. Gibsons direct perception approach is a bottom up ecological theory, which suggests that automatic higher-order patterns between such elements as size, shape and distance remain the same as we move around, and are used to produce a coherent view of the world. They explain the phenomena of size and shape constancy. Thus, although the size of the retinal image may change as we move closer to the visual stimulus, other relationships between visual elements are invariant. However,Size constancy can be found even when other relationships between object and background such as texture cues are absent from the visual scene. Also, as distance cues are reduced, size constancy is also reduced, (see Holway and Boring, 1947; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Favouring one process over another in perception, as reflected in the opposition between constructivist and direct perception theories is too limiting to explain all of the evidence. Innate components exist and are important, but to achieve high levels of visual functioning, these components must mature, and experience allows this to happen. Both processes may occur together, or in sequence, but both must occur. The idea that perception is immediate and begins with primitive features has been investigated in the work of Treisman through Feature Integration Theory. She suggests that primitive features do not have to be analysed or located, they jump in to perception effortlessly. Measuring response times in visual search tasks, differences in shape, colour, orientation and direction of movement embedded in a display, are perceived very quickly. Thus a single letter O embedded in a display of many Vs can be perceived as fast as a single O between only two Vs. This indicates that the visual system doesnt have to inspect every detail to determine whether it has relevant properties and implies that this process is pre-attentive. However, perception of a collection of features is not as immediate, and when presented with features such as a colour and a letter simultaneously for 200 m/s, certain illusory conjunctions were apparent: letters were identified, but their colours were often confused or swapped (see Treismann and Gelade, 1980; cited in Gleitman, 1999). Thus indicating that coordinating several features in a stimulus requires a discrete step that occurs after that of feature identification. This stage requires active focal attention. Importantly, the process is independent of the stimulus, and involves selecting a locus in space, and integrating the features there into a perceptual object. Feature integration is less prone to error when we know which objects to expect. This aspect of the process involves attention, which is an important conceptually driven aspect of perception.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

buy custom Sample essay on Extent and Effects of Pollution in China

buy custom Sample essay on Extent and Effects of Pollution in China Extent and Effects of Pollution in China China is on a way to become the next superpower in the nearest future, and to achieve its goal China has made numerous economic, urbanization and industrialization gains at the expense of air, water and land pollution. Perhaps, it is due to that neglects that China has faced numerous consequences from pollution in regard to health. The biggest effect to the pollution problem of China is that huge amounts of money received from economic gains is reversed back for catering health problems arose from pollution. From various research and reports, it is evident that almost the whole territory of China is affected by pollution, especially the urban towns. Health impact from air pollution takes the largest percentage of all effects of pollution towards health. Air pollution affects both plants and animals' health in various ways. Humans in China are the major sufferers as the crops they feed on are affected too. People cannot find adequate food for survival and have to seek for alternative methods of getting food. The humans cannot also concentrate on working productively as the air pollution causes headaches and nausea. Water and land pollution affects both humans and the environment at almost similar rates as they are interdependent. Natural resources such as rivers, seas, forests and grasslands are becoming depleted or useless at an alarming rate. The rate of depletion gets higher with the increase in the amount of industrial wastes. The dumping of wastes from industries or household was not considered in the development plans of China. The decreasing of pollution levels in China would involve a large amount of money for the purification programs. China has the money to do so, but it is afraid of loosing the gains that it has made during the last century. Buy custom essay on environmental pollution

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Carthage - The Founding

Carthage - The Founding What Is Carthage? Carthage was a prosperous ancient city on the north coast of Africa (in modern Tunisia) that was founded by Phoenicians. A commercial empire, Carthage made its fortune through trade and expanded its domain across northern Africa, the area that is now Spain, and into the Mediterranean where it came into contact and conflict with the Greeks and Romans. What Does Punic Mean?PhoenicianPhoenician Traits The Legend of Carthage: Dido and the other Pygmalion The romantic legend of the founding of Carthage is that a merchant-prince or king of Tyre gave his daughter Elissa (usually called Dido in Vergils in marriage to his brother, her uncle, a priest of Melqart named Sichaeus, along with the kingdom. Elissas brother, Pygmalion [note: there is another ancient Pygmalion], had thought the kingdom would be his, and when he discovered that he had been thwarted, secretly killed his brother-in-law/uncle. Sichaeus, as a ghost, came to his widow to tell her that her brother was dangerous and that she needed to take her followers and the royal wealth that Pygmalion had appropriated, and flee. Although certainly, the supernatural element raises questions, clearly Tyre did send out colonists. The next part of the legend plays on the characterization of Phoenicians as tricky. After stopping at Cyprus, Elissa and her followers landed in north Africa where they asked the locals if they could stop to rest. When they were told that they could have the area that an ox hide would cover, Elissa had an ox hide cut into strips and lay them out end-to-end in a crescent circumscribing a sizeable area of land. Elissa had taken an area of the shoreline opposite Sicily that would allow the emigrants from the mercantile city of Tyre to continue to ply their expertise in trade. This ox-hide enclosed area was known as Carthage. Eventually, the Phoenicians of Carthage branched out into other areas and started to develop an empire. They came into conflict first with the Greeks [see: Magna Graecia] and then with the Romans. Although it took three (Punic) wars with the Romans, the Carthaginians were eventually annihilated. According to another story, the Romans sprinkled the fertile land on which they lived with salt in 146 B.C. A century later, Julius Caesar proposed the establishment of a Roman Carthage on the same spot. Points to NoteAbout the Carthage Founding Legend: The Greeks and Romans considered the Phoenicians to be treacherous. In the Odyssey, Rhys Carpenter (1958: Phoenicians in the West) says Homer calls them polypaipaloi of many tricks. The term Punic fides Punic faith means bad faith or betrayal.Cicero said of the Carthaginians that Carthage would not have held an empire for six hundred years had it not been governed with wisdom and statecraft.Cadmus (Kadmos) of Tyre was a Phoenician of legend who brought the alphabet to the Greeks when he went in search of his sister Europa whom Zeus had carried off on a white bull. Cadmus founded Thebes.The salting of Carthage is a legend. R.T. Ridley in To be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage, Classical Philology Vol 81, No. 2 1986 says the first reference he can find to the salting of Carthage comes from the twentieth century. Evidence for Carthage:The Romans actively set out to obliterate Carthage in 146 B.C., following the Third Punic War, and then they built a new Carthage on top of the ruins, a century later, which was itself destroyed. So there are few remains of Carthage in the original location. There are tombs and burial urns from a sanctuary to the fertility mother goddess Tanit, a stretch of the wall fortifying the city that is visible from the air, and the remains of two harbors.(1) Date of the Founding of Carthage: According to Polybius (born c. 204 B.C.), the Greek historian Timaeus of Tauromenion (c. 357-260 B.C.), dated the founding of Carthage to 814 or 813 B.C.Other ancient authors who wrote about Punic Carthage were: Appian,Diodorus,Justin,Polybius andStrabo. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Antiq. Roman. 1.4), basing his opinion on Timaeus, said that Carthage was founded 38 years before the First Olympiad (776 B.C.).Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 B.C. to  c. A.D. 30) said Carthage lasted 667 years.Recent carbon-14 dating confirms the late part of the ninth century B.C. as the date of the founding of Carthage.(2) References: (1)Scullard: Carthage,  Greece Rome  Vol. 2, No. 3. (Oct. 1955), pp. 98-107. (2)The Topography of Punic Carthage, by D.B. Harden,  Greece Rome  Vol. 9, No. 25, p.1.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Political Science Analytical Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Science Analytical Book Review - Essay Example olliers underlines a positive and profound role of G8 in promotion of new standards o life and new economic policies aimed to support failing states and their economies. If nothing is done, the poverty will grab developed states and their economy. Paul Collier is an expert in this field working for many years as director of research for the World Bank and Director of the Center for the Study of African Economies at Oxford University. His book, In The Bottom Billion, is based on careful data analysis and personal opinion of the author, statistical results and predictions made by the key economists and bankers. Paul Collier presents an interesting and impressive picture of the modern world trying to inspire the developed nations change their policies nad help underdeveloped nations. Collier is rights that poverty is a global phenomenon and a single nation cannot improve its standards of living and economic situation without support of G8 and other international institutions. The main strengths of the book is a clear and argumeneative description of events and economic processes supported by economic data and statistic analyses. The most simple but impressive explanation of poverty is that: â€Å"poverty is simply the default o ption when economies malfunction† (157). The world faces an increasing disparity in the economic development an increasing arms race as the wealthier nations develop and stockpile weapons weapons of destruction in an attemp to guarantee safety. The problem with the balance-of-powers solution and the attempt to reach a standoff by deterrence is that the balance itself is not a stable process, and the continual need to rebalance imbalances produces poverty. It is not possible to think of the relationship between rich and poor nations without thinking of modernization and development among the peoples of the Third World. To avoid oversimplification or the equation of development with Westernization it might be better to speak of "social

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Management Control Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Control Systems - Case Study Example The monetary measure becomes a common measure that is understood by all functions of the organisation. Also, profitability measure is essential to the success of all organisations. Thus, management monitors performance in terms of monetary value. Most especially, financial results provide a mechanism to suggest whether the business strategies implemented by an organisation benefited them. (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kisco, 2000) This paper focuses on the management control systems established and implemented by a banking institution - Grameen Bank. Grameen Bank is a non-traditional bank that surpasses conventional banking practices of its contemporaries. In view of this, the paper will illustrate the different performance measurements that the organisation established as well as create a performance evaluation of the organisation. Grameen Bank is a micro-credit organisation that had initiated lending to the rural poor and was very successful that they rise above the normal banking conventions. Muhammad Yunus founded the bank in order to help the poor people in his country. He envisioned create an organisation that would alleviate the poor from poverty. He created the bank because no other banks shared his vision. In his speech as a Nobel Peace Prize Awardee, Yunus started the bank as a home-grown project that was run with the help of his students. Now, the Grameen Bank has increased in multitudes and the Grameen idea has spread around the world. Grameen-type programs are being implemented in almost every country. (Yunus, 2006) The target market of Grameen is the poorest of the poor in Bangladesh and most of their customers are responsible women of the poor families. Yunus developed a lending methodology where loans are paid in miniature weekly payments. The purpose of micro-credit lending is to detect problems early and increase borrowers' confidence. The objectives of the Grameen Bank are to extend the banking facilities to the poor people without collaterals but instead of mutual trust, accountability, participation and creativity. The organisation aims to become an enabler for the unutilized and underutilized manpower to create opportunities for self-employment. (Grameen Bank, 2009) Management control systems According to Kaplan & Norton (1996), what an organisation cannot measure, the organisation cannot manage. In order for an organisation to be successful in its business, they must know what to look at or the indicators that show the health of the organisation. It is part of the role of management to create strategies for the organisation in order sustain their existence as well as grow in their business environment. It is the nature of management to have control over the organisation. It is the function of management to define various measures to safeguard its assets; check the reliability and accuracy of accounting information; ensure compliance with management policies; and evaluate operating performance and efficiency. Without control, the people in the organisation will be functioning in chaos and without direction. Management control is one of the reasons that an organisation would look professional, systematic and trustworthy, inside and out. A management control

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Minds Are Opened When Our Hearts Opened Essay Example for Free

Minds Are Opened When Our Hearts Opened Essay Dr. ARAVIND MALAGATTIDr. Aravind Malagatti is a well-known name in Kannada literature. He has earned this name by his contribution to the field of critical writing, research and creative writing. He has given more than forty competent works to Kannada literature in varied forms like poetry, prose, essays, criticism and folklore study. Karnataka government has bestowed the prestigious Ambedkar Fellowship Award to him considering his corpus of writing. His Government Brahamana being the first Dalit autobiography in Kannada has got the Karnataka Sahitya academy Award. Apart from these, the Honorary Award of Karnataka Sahitya Academy was conferred on him for his total contribution to Kannada literature. It is highly creditable in spite of all these credentials, Dr. Malagatti maintains simple city. The social aspects of Dalits are his area of concern. In profounder of Kannada Dalit literature. Dr. Malagatti catches the attention of people as an orator and makes them think over issues. His writing are equally sharp. He has founded a number of Dalit organizations and has taken active role in Dalit movement. At present Dr. Malagatti is serving as professor of Kannada in the Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore University. He has also served as the Director of the Institute and as the Director of Prasaranga, the publication wing of Mysore University, prior to this. He is also serving as the Hon. Director of Jayalakshmi Vilas Palace Museum, Mysore University.| | CURRICULUM VITATName : Aravind MalagattiMother’s Name: BasavvaFather’s Name: YallappaProfession : Professor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies Mysore University, MysoreDate of Birth : 01.05.1956Place of Birth : Muddebihal, Bijapur District, KarnatakaMarriage : With Dharani Devi. Deputy Superintendent of Police Karnataka State Police Service-in 1992Childern : Two sons –1. Daksha 2. YakshaEducation : Pre University and Graduation-From 1973 to 1978 M G V C Colleage, MuddebhihalPost Graduation-M.A. form Karnataka University Dharwad From 1978 to 1980 with a first class. Ph.D in 1985-gold medal for the Thesis from Karnataka University Dharwad.Experience: . Editorial Committee member of Vidyarthi Bharathi-Jounal 1981-KarnatakaUniversity Dharwad. Editor of Sahitya Sagathi-a literary magazine –  from 1988 1995. Member of the Editorial Committee of Folklore News letter formMangalore University Campus.Teaching Experience Research Experience from 30.09.1980 to 30.10.1983, Under U G C Fellowship As a lecture-From 30.10.1983 to 31.08.1987, Government College, Mangalore. Experience as a Rader-From 07.07.1987 to 03.04.1994 Mangalore University. Professor-from 04.04.1994, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada studies, Mysore University, Manasagongotri, Mysore. Administration / Membership of Academic BodiesArts Faculty Dean – 2000 to 2001, 2004 to 2006 Univesity of MysoreAcademic council Member Univesity of Mysore BOS, BOE, BOA Member for various UniversityChairman of Kannada Department Mangalore University Form 02.11.1992 to 03.04.1994.Director, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, from- 03.01.2000 to 01.01.2001 and from 15.04.2004 to 01.06.2006.Hon. Director Mysore University, Jayalakshmi Vilas palace Museum from 27.10.2007Dirctor, Prasaranga, Manasagangotri, Mysore 1995 to 2000 University of MysoreMembership of Government Committee`s and InstitutionMember of Wholesales Book Purchase Committee, Government of Karnataka, Kannada and Culture Department 1991 to 1993Member of the Publication Committee of Popular Book Series of the Government of Karnataka, Kannada Culture Department 1991 to 1993.Member of Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara of the Government of Karnataka-from 1991 to 1995.Text book Committee member for the Pre University Board, Bangalore, 1995-1996.Film Pre-Review and Selection Committee member for Bangalore Doordarshan Kendra from 1997 to 2000.Member of Karnataka Sahitya Academy, of the Government of Karnat aka from 1998 to 2000.Member of Executive committee Kannada Sahity Parishat Bangalore From 1998 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2003.Member of Chayan Parishat, Saraswati Samman, Bhirla foundation-Delhi from 2003 to 2006. Published Works of Dr. Aravinda MalagattiI. Poetry 1. When the dumb opens his mouth (Mookanige Baayi Bandaaga. 1982)2. Balck Poetry (Kappu Kavya. 1985)3. The Third Eye (Mooraneya Kannu, 1996) 4. Rhythm Re-Rhythm (Naada Nianaada, 1999)5. Aneel Aradhana (Composite Poetry-2002)6. Silicon City and the Cuckoo (Silicon City Mattu Kogile, 2003)7. The Untouchable Ascends to Heaven (Chandaal Swargaarohanam, 2003)8. Selected Poems of Aravind Malagatti (Aravinda Malagattiyavara Ayda Kavithegalu, 2004)9. Kavyakumkume (Selected Poems of Aravinda Malagatti – 2009)10. The Dark Cosmos (Selected Poems of Aravinda Malagatti – 2009 Translated in English by – Dr. C. Naganna11. Towards the universe (Vishwatomukha, 2010)12. Flower is too heavy (Huvu Balubhara 2010)II. Short Stories 1. Unending Stories (Mugiyada Kategalu, 2000)III. Novel 1. The Death Ceremony (Karya – 1988)IV. Drama 1. The Ablution (Masthakaabhisheka, 1983)2. The Inner Salt of the Ocean ! (Samudradolagana Uppu, 1999)V. Criticism, Literary and Social Thought 1. Dalit Millennium and Kannada Literature (Dalitha Yuga Mattu Kannada Sahithya, 1999) 2. Dalit Consciousness: Literature, society and Culture (Dalita Prange: Sahithya, Samaaja Mattu Samskuthi, 2003) 3. Cultural mutiny (Samskuthika Dange, 2004) 4. Fire and Moonlight (Benki Beldingalu 2006) 5. Sahitya Saakshi (A Collection of Critical Essays – 2009) 6. Selected writing`s of Aravind Malagatti (Translated works – 2011) Ed. Prof: D.A.ShankarVI. Autobiography Government Brahmana. 1994 (Translated to English-Pub. Oriental  Longman)VII. Reasearch in Folklore and other works 1. Anipeeni (Anipeeni-Janapada Samshodhane, 1983)2. Study of Floklore (Jaanapada Vyasanga, 1985)3. Search for Floklore (Jaanapada Shobha, 1990)4. Thuluvara Aati Kalenja (Thuluvara Aati Kalenja-Janapada Samshodane, 1993)5. Folk Games (Janapada Aatagalu, 1993)6. Thalikote Dyamavva (Thalikote Dyamavva-Vayaskara Shikshanada Kruthi 1995)VIII. Research 1. Devil Worship (Bhootaradhane, 1991)2. Theoretical Study of Dalit Literary Movement (Dalita Sahithya Chalvaliy thatvika Chinthane, 1991) 3. Myth, Folklore and Nativism (Purana Jaanapada mattu Deshivaada, 1998) 4. Folk Games (Janapada Aatagalu, Ph.D. Thesis-1985)5. Folk Journey (Janapada Abhiyana-2005)IX. Studies and Reflections 1. An Introduction to Dalit Literature (Dalitha Sahithya Praveshike, 1996)2. How Progressive is Intercaste-Marriage ? (Antharjaathiy Vivaaha yeshtu pragathipar ? 1996)3. Puna Pact and whither Should Dalits go (Poonapyakt Mattu Dalitarettha Sagabeku ? 1998)X. Editing 1. Conference (Co-Editor) (Samaavesh-Saha Sampaadane, 1983)2. Four Dalitist Novels (Nalku Daliteeya Kadambariglu-Ed. 1990)3. Ideology of Ambedkar (Ambedkar Vichaara DHare-Ed. 1991)4. Koraga Community: A Study (Co-Author) (Koraga Janaanga Ondu Adhyayana, 1991) 5. Ambedkar-Ism and Counter-Ism (Ambedkar Vaada Samvaada-Ed. 1992)6. From Grazing Ground to Gangotri (Goomaaladinda Gangotrige, 1993)7. Foundation and background of Dalit Literature (Dalitha Sahighya nele-hinnele-Ed.1997)8. Book industry in  Kannada (Kannada Granthodyama, 1997)9. Folk Theoretical Consciousness and nativism (Jaanapada saiddhanthika Prangne Mattu Desivaada, 1998)10. Principles of Folklore (Jaanapada Thathvaglu, 1999)11. Criticism on Dalit Novels (Kadambarigala Vimarshe-Ed. 2000)12. Male Mahadeshwara (Male Mahadeshwara, 2001)13. Sweetness and Bitterness (Co-editing) (Bevu Bella, 2001)14. Dalit Approach (Criticism) (Dalitha Maarga, 2002)15. Aneela Aradhana (Composite Poetry, 2002)16. What Gandhi says about Ambedkar (Pub. Prasranga Myore University 2000)XI. Editor of Encyclopedias and Works of Similar nature 1. Kannada Encyclopedia-Volume 14. Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2005 1. C.D. S of Kannada Encyclopedia-14 volumes, Chief Editor Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosh Karnataka –(Revised)- Chief Editor- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2005 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosh – FolkloreChief Editor- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosha-Zoology. Chief Editor, Institute of Kannada Studies-Mysore University –year 2006 1. Epigraphia Karnatica-(Volume 12) Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kuvempu Kriti Vimarshe, Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006XII. Journalistic Work Sahitya Sangagti, (Perodical) 1988-1995: (Editor) Vidyarthi Bharati- Quarterly, Karnataka University Journal, member of the Editorial Board -1981-1983.Karnataka Folklore News letter – member of the Editorial Board, Mangalore- 1988-1991.Vishwa Sampada-Monthly, Mysore University Journal, member of the Editorial Board-1999-2000Prabuddha Karnataka, Quarterly Mysore University Journal -Chairman of the Editorial Board 1995, 2000. Manavika Karnataka, Quarterly – Mysore University Journal Chairman of the Editorial Board – 2008 OnwardsXIII. Awards Prizes Gold medal for the Ph.D thesis 1985 Karnataka University DharwadDevaraj Bhaddur Award 1982 Recipient : Karnataka Government BangaloreNarashimhaia Award 1996 Kannada Sahithya Parishat- Dr. Ambedkar Fellowship Award 1996 Bharatiya Dalit Sahithya Academy –Delhi Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award 1996 for the Autobiography titled Government Brahmana Bangalore Karnataka Sahitya Academy Fellowship Award 2002 (for Total Contribution to Kannada Literature) Bangalore Ambedkar Award 2005 Govt. Karnataka, Bangalore XIV. Awared`s Conferred but not Accepted: Shiksha Rattan Puraskar-2007 India International Friendship Society. New Delhi-110001 Rashtriya Gaurav Award – 2009 India International Friendship Society. New Delhi-110001 Best Citizens of India – 2009 International publishing House New Delhi-110001 Twenty Ten National Academy Award for Literature Academy of Bengali Poetry Kolkata 700054XV. Works on Aravind Malagatti’s Wittings1. Critical Responses to â€Å"Karya† (Ed.) Sabiha Bhumigowad-1989 2. â€Å"Dalitagna† (Dalit Scholar Par Excellance) A seminar was conducted on the literature of Dr.Aravinda Malagatti in 1998 (Ed) Dr. Arjuna Golasangi – 20003. Aravind Malagatti Avara Kavyanusandhana (Critical Essay on Aravinda Malagatti poetry ) Dr. Dushala Bargur 2005 4. Prof. Aravind Malagattiyavara Marga-Sahitya Dr. K. Deshava Sharma 2006 5. Prof. Aravind Malagattiyavara Sahithya Mattu Chinthanne- (Ph.D. Thesis work) Dr. N.S. Shankare Gowda 20056. â€Å"Novu Hetta Preethi† A critical essay on ‘Government Brahmana’ (Ed) Dr. Appagere D. Somashekara and Dr. Malligahalli Narendrakumar 20037. Sharadey Kunisidha Kavi Prof. Arvind Malagatti Dr. H.S.K. Chethana Book House, Mysore 20078. Pagadiya Kowdiyali Deepagalu Belagi A Collection of Research articles – 2009 By : Dr. S.D. Shashikala9. Kavya Manthana – A Criticism Articles on Aranind Malagatti Poems – 200910. Vada Vagvada Samvada – 2009 A Collection of Interviews Ed- by Dr.Bislehalli Prabhu 11. Malagatti Mathu Mathana – 2010 A Collection of Interviews By – G.S. Bhat12. Depiction of poor in the Wores of Aravind Malagatti – 2008 By : Vijayakumar, C.E. M.Phil Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University – Madurai13. Two versions of dalit growing up : A Comparative study of Vasanth Moon`s Growing up untouchable in India and Aravind Malagatti Government Bhahmana by – Banshelkar Yashpal Murhari M.Phil Thesis, Pandicherry University 2008XVI. OTHER INFORMATION 1. Presided jIlla Kannada Sahitya Sammelan-Bijapur in the year 2006-(The literary meet was held for two days on 25th and 26th November 2006) 2. Prsided Dasara Kavigoshti-on 08.10.2005 at Jaganmohan Palace Mysore. 1. Participated in national seminar on history of folklore studies in India-held on 23-25 October 1998 in Manasagangotri, Mysore 1. Participated in other national seminars and presided many seminars and workshops in kannada. 1. Brought forth more than 200 seminar papers and research articles 1. NAVIKA Frist Kannada Summit-2010 (Pasadena Convention Center) Los Angleles, CaliforniaResidence AddressDr. Aravind Malagatti MIG 29, Gangotri Layour 1st Main, Saraswathipurm Mysore-9Ph. No. Res. 0821-2516927 Mobile : 9448342469 Office : 0821- 2419787|

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Mussolini Essay -- essays research papers

Benito Mussolini Like his father, Benito became a burning socialist. Mussolini had huge goals of running a political machine based on his own beliefs. Born in the poverty-stricken village of Romagna, Italy, he was wild, nomadic, and defiant as a young adult lived the life of a bum. Showing fierce aggression at such a young age, he was expelled from two schools for knife-assaults on other students. His father a village blacksmith and his mother a schoolmistress, he lived life in poverty that seemed inscapable. By moving from Italy to Austria he devoted himself to the battle for human and economic freedom. Mussolini had become an impassioned Socialist. He had been appointed secretary to the Socialists of the Chamber of Labor in Trent, Austria. He also headed a weekly newspaper that was a major Socialist channel in Trent. Practicing journalism, in which he had always thought as his first passion. This gave Mussolini an opportuninty to establish a name in the Socialist Party and with the people in general. He wrote articles that would get the people's blood racing on church issues. One thing Benito Mussolini was not afraid of was the rage of other men. For these articles he spent time in prison and was then deported back to Italy. In Italy he persisted and gave public speeches, the people loved his ideas. He became one of Italy's most intelligent and menacing young Socialist. In November 1914 he published, Il Popolo d'Italia, and the prowar group Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzi...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

How do some poets explore ideas of loyalty, love and relationships? Essay

Love is perhaps the most expressed topic in media, since forever. The word ‘love’ is extremely ambiguous, able to be expressed in multiple ways. Love is often described as a double edged sword. It can mean all there is to one, an experience to be desired and pursued. To others, love is a poison, a drug, which slowly eats away your life and leaves you as nothing but an empty shell. Depending on who you are, love could mean either of these things. Or it could mean both. Poets too, have their own opinions on the subject of love, and often convey their feelings through their works of literacy. Examples of conflicting views on love can be seen expressed by the poets Browning, Keats, Shakespeare, Rossetti and Donne. How do these poets explore ideas of loyalty, love and relationships in their most well known poems? A popular recurring theme featured in love poetry is the theory of true, eternal love. A kind of love which supasses all other infatuations and is often mentioned as ‘the most beautiful gift given to humanity’. Shakespeare expresses his belief of this theory in his 116th sonnet. Written in the 17th century, a time of which poets wrote about the mystical and metaphysical, sonnet 116 really stands out as among others poems as a deep and meaningful one, and serves as a semi-serious guide to love. In sonnet 116, Shakespeare expresses his view on loyalty in love, in which he writes: â€Å"Love is not love which alters with alteration finds, or bends with the remover to remove. † His view is thus; he believes that true love is so powerful, that once acquired, cannot be broken, even if it â€Å"bends with the remover to remove†, meaning if a partner were to be disloyal, true love would still still stay unbroken. Shakespeare also believes that it would be wrong in trying to separate two true lovers, as seen here: â€Å"Let me not to the marriage of true minds, admit impediments. † He sees a true couple as almost a religious blessing, as he refers to the marriage tradition, asking for reasons of which a couple should not be wed. Shakespeare later writes: â€Å"O no! It is an ever-fixed mark, that looks on tempests and is never shaken. It is the star to every wandering bark, whose worth’s unknown, although its height be taken†. Again, Shakespeare is comparing true love to lighthouses and bright stars, suggesting that true love guides people to comfort, safety and happiness. He could also be expressing his thoughts on relationships, suggesting that even when things go bad, true love will still guide you through tough times and can repair your relationships. Shakespeare again, states that true love is forever, even though physical beauty will deteriorate, it will stay unbroken until the end of time. (â€Å"Love’s not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks, within his bending sickle’s compass come: love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, but bears it out even to the edge of doom. †) Loyalty is an extremely important element which keeps relationships together. Many modern poets write about the sadness and depression they experience as a result of lost love. Browning’s no different from the rest. He too, believes that loyalty is key in love and he conveys his thoughts through his dramatic monologue, ‘My Last Duchess’. The poem was written in the romantic era (nineteenth century) and served as one of the greatest works of literacy at the time. ‘My Last Duchess’ shocked many with its dramatic context, and amazed many more with its hidden messages and its colourful suggestions. In ‘My Last Duchess’, Browning demonstrates the disastrous consequences of a lack of loyalty in love, and this is mainly shown through the death of a partner. Death is an arguably common occurrence in poems involving love and ‘My Last Duchess’ is an excellent example of how effective death can bring out the importance of loyalty. The poem is not divided into sections of any sense, resulting in it seeming like an everyday conversation. The poem also features a first person narrator, and this all adds up to the realism behind the poem. It should also be noted that the poem contains minimal imagery and again, this is to create a realistic scene and situation. Browning believed that love is nothing of fantasy, and he is trying to convey that love is very real and must be taken seriously. In ‘My Last Duchess’, Browning writes â€Å"since none puts by the curtains I have drawn for you†, this is suggesting that the Duke is incredibly possessive and he could be possibly suggesting that in real life, men have their wicked qualities and it could be the downfall of a relationship. Later in the poem, Browning describes the duchess as â€Å"too easily impressed†, and â€Å"T’was not her husband’s presence only, called that spot of joy into the duchess’ cheek†. This hints that the duchess could be lacking in her loyalty, or being unfaithful to the Duke of Ferrara. As a result, the duke has the duchess killed, which blatantly shows the evil and jealousy in humans, and demonstrates how many relationships are built up on the foundation of false love, which results in lack of loyalty. This can be linked to Shakespeare’s sonnet 116, which implies that love is commonplace, but true love is beautiful and rare. Browning’s view on love is thus: love is no game, relationships mustn’t be taken lightly, loss of loyalty can cause catastrophes. Browning seems to be implying that until the duke finds true love, he will not stop killing his wives (as he seems unfazed with filling in the emissary with the details and reasons for his act of murder). However, this view contradicts slightly with Shakespeare’s view on true love, in which unfaithfulness does not cause relationships to waver. Another good poem showcasing the consequences of unfaithfulness would be ‘The Apparition’ by 17th century poet, John Donne. Again, this poem deals with death, and although this time, it is metaphorical, it still fits in beautifully among 17th century poetry, which focuses on the metaphysical. The story is of a woman being unfaithful towards her now ex-partner, and Donne relates the feeling of abandonment with death. Within ‘The Apparition’, Donne uses a plethora of (unpleasant) sexual imagery and suggestive themes: â€Å"in worse arms shall see; then thy sicke taper will begin to winke, and he whose art then being tyr’d before†, which suggests that unfaithfulness bears consequence for both individuals within a couple, as the unfaithful partner is being neglected and mistreated. Donne is also using a lot of euphemistic language, e. g. â€Å"sicke taper†, which may stand for something less pleasant. Donne’s attempt to cover up this sexual imagery could suggest that he is trying to cover his love for this ex-lover. Later in ‘The Apparition’, the lines â€Å"bath’d in a cold quicksilver sweat wilt lye† can be presented as a cold, cruel scene, as quicksilver (mercury) is seen as a poisonous metal, which could suggest that disloyalty in relationships could result in a poisonous or corrupted life. Near the end of ‘The Apparition’, Donnes writes â€Å"since my love is spent, I’d rather thou shouldst painfully repent†, and this shows Donne’s belief of which disloyalty completely destroys people, caused him to wish the worst to befall upon her. Another poem on the topic of disloyalty would be Christina Rossetti’s ‘Cousin Kate’. Written in the romantic period (19th century), this poem tells the story of a cottage maiden who suffers from the effects of unfaithfulness and rejection. In ‘Cousin Kate’, the narrator who is described as â€Å"contented among my cottage mates, not mindful I was fair†, is neglected by her lover. By writing that even the most sensible and fair women could be destroyed by lack of loyalty, Rossetti could be suggesting that unfaithfulness is a force so powerful, it can wreck even the strongest bonds. In ‘Cousin Kate’, Rossetti writes â€Å"Call me an outcast thing†, this shows that Rossetti believes that a failure in love causes people to face the negatives the society endows her, and suggests that love is often unjust. However, Rossetti, like Donne, believes in justice and near the end of ‘Cousin Kate’, she reveals and talks about her child, who is described as â€Å"my shame, my pride†, and notes that since cousin Kate cannot bear children, the lord will remain childless and she feels that even though disloyalty, justice will always be present. Love does not only revolve around trust and loyalty. Love is built up of many elements, and John Keats writes about the power and allure of love in his poem ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’. Written in the 17th century, ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, also consists of somewhat supernatural and magical elements. The poem is split into two subsections and consists of two narrators. The first narrator, a lady addressing the knight, speaks of the knight’s ill condition, but does not realise the truth of what has befallen the knight. Keats is possibly suggesting that although it is better to hear the story from two sides, you may not always get the full story. The same occurs in love, in which you may not know the whole truth behind many relationships. The lady states â€Å"The sedge has wither’d from the lake, and no birds sing. † and â€Å"The squirrel’s granary is full, and the harvest’s done†. These lines contain autumn imagery, the state of decay. This could suggest that love is not forever, and all relations have the possibility to decay. The theme of decay is also strong pathetic fallacy for the events which happen in the poem. The lady then speaks of â€Å"a lily on thy brow†, as flowers are normally symbols of love, but lilies are symbolic for death, Keats is possibly suggesting that love in full of opposites and contrasting ideas. The knight first speaks of â€Å"a faery’s child†. Fairies are said to have supernatural powers, and this suggests the unexpected, magical events which happen during the course of being in love. Later, he states â€Å"She look’d at me as she did love, and made sweet moan†. This is possibly some euphemistic language to cover up strong sexual imagery. The use of euphemisms and cover ups may suggest that love is powerful and is undoubtedly strong, and uncontained love may be dangerous. He then lists a series of holy foods: â€Å"roots of relish sweet, and honey wild and manna dew†. Keats is obviously trying to convey to the readers that love is so powerful a force, it may even be holy and is a gift from god, given that manna dew was also a gift from god. The knight then recounts that he had a dream, and it was â€Å"the lastest dream I ever dreamt†. The idea of last dream implies that he cannot sleep again, which was a known symptom of lovesickness in the 17th century. Keats is implying that love is so powerful, it can fill your mind and take over your life. The knight then tells us that in his dream, he sees â€Å"pale kings and princes too† â€Å"They cried La Belle Dame Sans Merci hath thee in thrall! †. From this, we can see that Keats is implying that relationship problems happen more frequently among the rich and powerful, as all these high position men are being seduced by the faery’s child. This could be Keat’s view that true love is not built up on a desire for riches and power, but a sense of mutual agreement. At the end of the poem, the knight awakens from his dream, and he is described as â€Å"sojourning† and â€Å"palely loitering†. This suggests that women have immense power over men in relationships, and spoils of love is frequently one sided. The last lines are as thus: â€Å"Though the sedge has wither’d from the lake, and no birds sing†. These repeated lines confirm that the world is indeed decaying for the knight, proving the importance of love and relationships. This is also a short cyclical structure, and this could suggest that love and heartbreak is all a cycle, and we should learn to accept the tough times in life. When the word ‘love’ is mentioned, hearts, flowers and females come to the minds of males, but do all males see love the same way? Keats, Browning and Donne provide good examples of masculine views on love, and these views are seen in their poems, ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘The Apparition’. In ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, Keats describes men as objects to be seduced, a woman’s plaything. In the poem, the faery enticed many powerful men and put them all under her control by means of them contracting lovesickness. Keats may be implying that infatuation is often confused for love, and the results of being misguided can include becoming someone’s pawn, as some women take advantage of this situation and will attempt to manipulate and control men. Chivalrous love is also a key focus in ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, and Keats believes that being chivalrous is important in any relationship, but men must be aware that they are not being played with. In the poem ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, Browning presents us with a rather contrasting view. In ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, the roles are switched around, instead of the female establishing control over the male, the lover in the poem suddenly decides that he owns Porphyria, and briefly strangles her. The use of the statement: â€Å"she was mine, mine fair† shows the male’s perception of dominance over his Porphyria. The use of repetition also strengthens this idea. In the end of the poem, the narrator states that â€Å"God has not said a word†, which implies that the lover believes he has committed no offense, and his actions were justified. Browning’s other poem, ‘My Last Duchess’, seems to revolve around the same concept, that men are free to do what they wish to women. It is a fact that the duchess is â€Å"easily pleased†, but it has not been proven that she has done anything wrong. The duke murders her on the basis of suspicion, and again, he feels it is his right to do so, as he proclaims that he shall murder his next wife if she were to be unfaithful too. It seems that Browning’s view on love is very one sided (at least as it is shown in his poetry), and he seems to believe in male superiority. From ‘The Apparition’, we can see that Donne’s views are slightly more similar to the modern day views on love. Donne first makes it clear that in the poem, he is now a ghost, and the ex-lover is the killer: â€Å"O murdresse, I am dead†. This suggests that the pain he feels from the break-up is strong enough to metaphorically kill him, and many modern day people going through tough relationships can relate to this. He later speaks of how his ex-lover has made the bad choice leaving him and how she will be treated unfairly: â€Å"in worse arms shall see†. Many modern day people also feel this way, the belief that they are better than the third party. In the end, Donne wishes the worst to befall his ex-lover, and this view is commonly shared among 21st century youths. Donne creates a precise but generalized male’s view on lovers and loyalty, and his views are most suited to what is accepted and expected out of males in our society today. It is important, when trying to present a message, that you acquire the correct context. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is set in the medieval period, and medieval settings are often hints for fantasy. Given that the poem is replicating a non-existent setting, and that the poem itself was written in the ‘metaphysical poetry’ era, it is easy to assume that this context is one of illusion. Keats could possibly be suggesting that love is a powerful illusion, women are controlling and tyrannical, and true love is the only way out of this trap. Given this context, we can also assume that lovesickness is caused by men being separated from their women, and this suggests that Keats believe men should break free of this illusion and let go of their past. This context is well suited for bringing out the message of this poem, which is the strength of false and true love, as the fantasy setting and the supernatural events constantly remind you of power and magical acts. As ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is set in the past, it is also possible that Keats is suggesting that chivalry is dead, and there is no time nor need for chivalry in the modern world. Aside from context, form is usually a key point in poetry. The form of ‘Sonnet 116’ made it obvious that it was a manuscript on true love, as Shakespeare had arranged the lines in a listlike form. Short, snappy verses suggest that to love, you must follow procedures, and ‘Sonnet 116’ is the instruction manual. The regular rhyme scheme of ‘Sonnet 116’ also suggests that love is straightforward and does not suffer from change in any way. the couplets in the end may imply that true love is fair and couples are never meant to be broken. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is presented neatly into four line stanzas and a constant rhyme scheme for every second and fourth line. The controlled divisions and rhyming may be to emphasize the fact that women control men, and how fluid things flow when someone is in control. There is a break in the rhyme scheme in the very first and last stanzas, and this may symbolize the possibility to break free of control, by avoiding temptation in the beginning, and by finding true love in the end. ‘The Apparition’ follows an unusual rhyme scheme, which goes ‘abbabcdcdceffeggg’. This is strange, for the poem seems mismatched and in disorder. It is possible that this was what Donne was implying, that disloyalty in love causes one to become confused, and throws a person’s life into disarray. The fact that the rhyme scheme steadies in the end may be a message, suggesting that people must learn to forget about the past, stabilize and look forward to the future. ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ features no stanza division, but follows a controlled, yet irregular rhyme scheme. The lack of stanza division suggests that the action is fast paced and flowing, and there is no flaw in the lover’s plan. The controlled rhyme scheme emphasizes the lover’s control over Porphyria, but the irregularity suggests his mental instability. Every individual has their own view and opinion on the topic of loyalty, love and relationships. Through these poems, I can conclude that love is usually presented as a powerful, yet natural force with the ability to influence and control humans, and plays a very important role in society throughout the ages.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Pain and Yoga Application Paper

Yoga Application Paper Kristen Sullivan Immaculata University Yoga Application Paper Originated in ancient India, Yoga typically means ‘union' between the mind, body and spirit. It involves the practice of physical postures and poses. As the name suggests, the ultimate aim of practicing Yoga is to create a balance between the body and the mind and to attain self-enlightenment. In order to accomplish it, Yoga makes use of different movements, breathing exercises, relaxation technique and meditation. Yoga is associated with a healthy and lively lifestyle with a balanced approach to life.It increases the lubrication of joints, ligaments and tendons of the body. Studies in the field of medicine suggest that Yoga is the only form of physical activity that provides complete exercise to the body, because it massages all the internal organs and glands. This in turn reduces the risk of many diseases. Yoga can create a positive permanent difference to the lifestyle of anybody practicing it on a regular basis (Weil, n. d. ). The whole system of Yoga is built on three main structures: exercise, breathing, and meditation.The exercises of Yoga are designed to put pressure on the glandular systems of the body, thereby increasing its efficiency and total health. The body is looked upon as the primary instrument that enables us to work and evolve in the world. Breathing techniques are based on the concept that breath is the source of life in the body, gently increasing breath control to improve the health and function of both body and mind. These two systems of exercise and breathing then prepare the body and mind for meditation, in turn finding an easy approach to a quiet mind that allows silence and healing from everyday stress.Regular daily practice of all three parts of this structure of Yoga produce a clear, bright mind and a strong, capable body (Weil, n. d. ). The tradition of Yoga has always been passed on individually from teacher to student through oral teaching and practical demonstration. The formal techniques that are now known as Yoga are, therefore, based on the collective experiences of many individuals over many thousands of years. The particular manner in which the techniques are taught and practiced today depends on the approach passed down in the line of teachers supporting the ndividual practitioner. As more has become known about the beneficial effects of Yoga, it has gained acceptance and respect as a valuable method for helping in the management of stress and improving health and well-being (Weil, n. d. ). A study in the journal Spine (Williams et al. , 2009) indicates the benefits of yoga as a treatment for back pain and confirms the importance of staying active when rehabilitating the spine and seeking pain relief, a point that may initially seem counterintuitive to patients but should not be lost.In the study, 90 back pain sufferers (aged 23 to 66) were split into two groups, with one group performing 90-minutes of Iyengar yoga twice a week for six months and the other maintaining their regular treatment over that time period (Williams et al. , 2009). At both the third and six months, the yoga participants noted significant improvements in both pain and functioning, and were also less likely to be depressed (Williams et al. , 2009).Pain levels were measured via questionnaires assessing the amount of pain medications being taken, difficulties performing certain tasks, and other metrics (Williams et al. , 2009). Previous studies have noted how extensive yoga programs have resulted in improvements in strength, flexibility and endurance for patients with back pain, and now this research seemingly adds more credence to the effectiveness of yoga and its emphasis on relaxation, flexibility and core strengthening as a treatment for these symptoms.While the principles of yoga may still be foreign to many people, patients should keep an open mind when exploring treatment options. While exercise may prompt init ial worries of exacerbating pain, such activities can often have wonderful therapeutic effects, not only physically but spiritually. Physical therapists, doctors of chiropractic, physiatrists and many other medical professionals may prescribe yoga programs, and are good sources to learn more about the benefits of physical activity – as opposed to immobility – for chronic back pain sufferers.A proposed plan to implement yoga as an alternative therapy and to evaluate its effectiveness could include gathering a sample group of people who are patients at a pain management practice for chronic back pain. Often these patients are on various pain medications and muscle relaxers to minimize their pain and discomfort. Of the sample group, half of the patients would be weaned off of their medications under the supervision of the doctor. This half of the sample group would then be started on a 12-week yoga program instructed by a rained yoga instructor while taking no medications . The other half of the group would continue on the current prescribed medications and given a basic stretching regimen to follow by a physical therapist. The participants will complete a questionnaire prior to beginning the study, as well as at 3 week intervals to assess their pain levels. At the end of the study the results of the questionnaires compared between the 2 groups will show if the yoga program has been effective or ineffective.This study will also show the comparison of pain levels between pain medications and the yoga program to provide information on the effectiveness of the medications. References Weil, R. (n. d. ). Yoga. Retrieved from www. medicinenet. com/yoga/article. htm Williams, K. , Abildso, C. , Steinberg, L. , Doyle, E. , Epstein, B. , Smith, D. , †¦ Cooper, L. (2009, September 1). Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficacy of Iyengar Yoga therapy on chronic low back pain. Spine, 34(19), 2066-2076. http://dx. doi. org/10. 1097/BRS. 0b013e3181b315cc